Equations

EMF

Equation: Ɛ = vBL

Variables:

• Ɛ - motional EMF (volts, V)
• v - velocity of movement (m/s)
• B - magnetic field (T)
• L - length of rod between rails (m)

Equation: Φ = BA cosθ

Variables: 

• Φ - magnetic flux (webber, Wb OR volts-seconds)
• B - magnetic field (T)
• A - area (m^2)
• θ - Angle between the magnetic field and the area, usually 90 degrees

Equation: Ɛ = -N(ΔΦ/Δt)
Variables:

•  Ɛ - magnitude of induced emf (volts, V)
• ΔΦ - Change in magnetic flux (Wb)
• Δt - Change in time (s)
• N - number of loops (no units)

Waves

Equation: v = fλ
Variables:

• v - velocity of wave (m/s)
• f - frequency (Hz)
• λ - wavelength (m)

Equation: String fixed on both ends

f = n(v/2L)

Variables:

• n - integer (1,2,3...)
• v - wave speed
• L - length of the string

Equation: Tube open on both ends

 f = n (v/2L)

Variables:

• n - integer (1,2,3...)
• v - wave speed
• L - length of the tube (*must be an integer number of n half-wavelengths) 

Equation: Tube closed at one end

f = n(v/4L)

Same variables as above. See pg 520-22 for more information.